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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none;padding-top:0;"><a href="Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;">
Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="Legal_translation" title="Legal translation">Legal</a></li>
<li><a href="Translation#Literary_translation" title="Translation">Literary</a></li>
<li><a href="Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible</a></li>
<li><a href="Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Quran</a></li>
<li><a href="Tirukkural_translations" title="Tirukkural translations">Kural</a></li>
<li><a href="Linguistic_validation" title="Linguistic validation">Linguistic validation</a></li>
<li><a href="Medical_translation" title="Medical translation">Medical</a></li>
<li><a href="Regulatory_translation" title="Regulatory translation">Regulatory</a></li>
<li><a href="Technical_translation" title="Technical translation">Technical</a></li>
<li><a href="Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">Interpretation</a></li>
<li><a href="Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural</a></li>
<li><a href="Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">Word-for-word</a></li>
<li><a href="Sense-for-sense_translation" title="Sense-for-sense translation">Sense-for-sense</a></li>
<li><a href="Homophonic_translation" title="Homophonic translation">Homophonic</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;">
Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translation studies</a></li>
<li><a href="Skopos_theory" title="Skopos theory">Skopos theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Translation_project" title="Translation project">Translation project</a></li>
<li><a href="Translation_criticism" title="Translation criticism">Translation criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="Equivalence_(translation)" title="Equivalence (translation)">Equivalence</a></li>
<li><a href="Contrastive_linguistics" title="Contrastive linguistics">Contrastive linguistics</a></li>
<li><a href="Polysystem_theory" title="Polysystem theory">Polysystem theory</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;">
Technologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="Computer-assisted_translation" title="Computer-assisted translation">CAT</a></li>
<li><a href="Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></li>
<li><a href="Mobile_translation" title="Mobile translation">Mobile translation</a></li>
<li><a href="Translation_management_system" title="Translation management system">Translation management system</a></li>
<li><a href="Dubbing" title="Dubbing">Dubbing</a></li>
<li><a href="Subtitles" title="Subtitles">Subtitling</a></li>
<li><a href="Pre-editing" title="Pre-editing">Pre-editing</a></li>
<li><a href="Postediting" title="Postediting">Postediting</a></li>
<li><a href="Multimedia_translation" title="Multimedia translation">Multimedia translation</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;">
Localization</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="Glocalization" title="Glocalization">Glocalization</a></li>
<li><a href="Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Internationalization and localization</a></li>
<li><a href="Language_localisation" title="Language localisation">Language localization</a></li>
<li><a href="Video_game_localization" title="Video game localization">Video game localization</a></li>
<li><a href="Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">Dub localization</a></li>
<li><a href="Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Software localization</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;">
Institutional</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li>Associations</li>
<li>Awards</li>
<li>Organizations</li>
<li>Schools</li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;">
Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="Untranslatability" title="Untranslatability">Untranslatability</a></li>
<li><a href="Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">Transcription</a></li>
<li><a href="Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a></li>
<li><a href="Video_relay_service" title="Video relay service">Video relay service</a> (VRS)</li>
<li><a href="Telephone_interpreting" title="Telephone interpreting">Telephone interpreting</a></li>
<li><a href="Language_barrier" title="Language barrier">Language barrier</a></li>
<li><a href="Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">Fan translation</a> (<a href="Fan_translation_of_video_games" title="Fan translation of video games">of video games</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Fansub" title="Fansub">Fansub</a></li>
<li><a href="Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li>
<li><a href="Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li>
<li><a href="Journalistic_translation" title="Journalistic translation">Journalistic translation</a></li>
<li>Books and magazines on translation</li>
<li>Bible translations by language</li>
<li>Translated books
<ul><li><a href="List_of_literary_works_by_number_of_translations" title="List of literary works by number of translations">List of most translated works</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Translators</li>
<li><a href="List_of_Tirukkural_translations_by_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tirukkural translations by language">Kural translations by language</a></li></ul></td>
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<p><b>Website localization</b> is the process of adapting an existing website to local language and culture in the <a href="Target_market" title="Target market">target market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the process of adapting a website into a different linguistic and cultural context<sup id="cite_ref-SANDRINI_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANDRINI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>— involving much more than the simple translation of text. This modification process must reflect specific language and cultural preferences in the content, images and overall design and requirements of the site – all while maintaining the integrity of the website. Culturally adapted web sites reduce the amount of required cognitive efforts from visitors of the site to process and access information, making navigation easier and attitudes toward the web site more favorable.<sup id="cite_ref-Shneor_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shneor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modification of the website must additionally take into consideration the stated purpose of the new website with a focus on the targeted audience/market in the new locale.<sup id="cite_ref-SANDRINI_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANDRINI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Website localization aims to customize a website so that it seems "natural", to its viewers despite cultural differences between the creators and the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Two factors are involved—programming expertise and linguistic/cultural knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The proliferation of website localization is the result of the popularity of computer and Internet users. People all over the world treat the Internet as their main location for information and services. These people do not all speak the same language. As a result, website localization has become one of the primary tools for business global expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Due to website communication across multiple cultures for multiple needs, the Internet has given rise to non professional translation practices. Because website localization involves mixed strategies, organizations tend to maintain a global image while using website localization to appeal to local users.<sup id="cite_ref-Pym_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pym-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The challenge of website localization has become even more important as websites increasingly have the potential to both supplement and replace presence in foreign markets. As <a href="Web_design" title="Web design">web design</a> becomes more congruent with national culture, it will foster online consumer purchasing.<sup id="cite_ref-Shneor_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shneor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Creators take into account the "language, education level, belief and value systems, [and] traditions and habits" of the target culture in order to optimize results.<sup id="cite_ref-Shneor_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shneor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2></div>
<p>Website localization is more than mere <a href="Translation" title="Translation">translation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Translating only solves partial language problems. Measurement units must be converted; images and text are modified to appeal to the target culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Tan_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The process of website localization is complex and involves three different levels of adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First is translation. Website localization involves adapting any text being used into the language of the country. It is important that translation of information be “clear and understandable” to avoid cultural misunderstanding or offense.<sup id="cite_ref-SANDRINI_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANDRINI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to translate, the "target culture" must be known.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_1999_127–129_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley_1999_127–129-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second is the actual localization, which includes translation but also involves all other efforts and activities to ensure that the adaptation of textual materials, visual displays, illustrations and graphics are “linguistically and culturally appropriate for the target locale.” <sup id="cite_ref-SANDRINI_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANDRINI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Target locale is understood as the “<a href="Market_segmentation" title="Market segmentation">market segment</a> defined by criteria including language, currency, and perhaps educational level or income bracket.” <sup id="cite_ref-PYM_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PYM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the many technical elements which can be localized are: date and time formats, currency formats, number formats, address and telephone number formats, units of measure and connection speed.<sup id="cite_ref-PYM_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PYM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to ensure effective communication during the localization process, it is important to consider the following items: <a href="Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">information architecture</a>, theme and navigation, <a href="Graphics" title="Graphics">graphics</a>, photographs, audio, and visual.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_1999_127–129_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley_1999_127–129-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third is <a href="Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">internationalization</a>, which involves making sure that the software being used is fully compatible with the technology of the country in question.
</p><p>There are two important considerations to keep in mind during the process of website localization. The first is to focus on the demands of the user.<sup id="cite_ref-SANDRINI_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANDRINI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The readers of the “localized version of the website” want to be able to read and understand the pages in a way that makes sense to them.<sup id="cite_ref-SANDRINI_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANDRINI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second consideration is to take into account the goals of the client, whether an institution, government or individual, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-SANDRINI_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANDRINI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Backend_localization">Backend localization</h2></div>
<p>Many elements of a website that are different according to the locale of the client need only minor manual changes by a localizer, or none at all. For example, the system on which the website is created should automatically produce the correct currency symbol based on the country in which the client is located.<sup id="cite_ref-LAKO_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAKO-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Website Analytics Software:<sup id="cite_ref-LAKO_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAKO-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This software can be created once generally, and then applied to each of the localized domains.</li>
<li>Site Search: Results can be reviewed using an algorithm that sifts through possible results using <a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>. For example, a consumer who makes a query in the United States should not be shown a good that can only be purchased in Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-LAKO_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAKO-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Testimonials: Comments and feedback are often a vital part of a website. Localization efforts usually only include censorship. This can be done largely by software, however human review is sometimes necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-LAKO_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAKO-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Information Storage: <a href="Databases" class="mw-redirect" title="Databases">Databases</a> are often used to store large amounts of information. They can be used to store generic data, like product information, as well as more specific information pertaining to certain locales.<sup id="cite_ref-LAKO_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAKO-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_business_of_website_localization">The business of website localization</h2></div>
<p>Using website localization to its best advantage is vital to any business seeking to move into international markets. With more and more companies seeking to tap into these lucrative markets, website localization has become quite profitable.<sup id="cite_ref-SANDRINI_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANDRINI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The business side involves global and local coordination; production and operations, including finance; sales and marketing; language translation, including technology and linguistic coordination; <a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>, as well as design.<sup id="cite_ref-PYM_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PYM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
The higher the technological abilities of the target culture, the more likely it is for website localization to be implemented and used effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Shneor_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shneor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Internationalization and localization</a></li>
<li><a href="Language_localisation" title="Language localisation">Language localisation</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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</style><cite id="CITEREFPayne2004" class="citation web cs1">Payne, Neil (8 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2004/10/08/culture-and-website-localization">"Culture and Website Localization"</a>. <i>WebProNews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202045358/http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2004/10/08/culture-and-website-localization">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShaHsiehGoerman2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sha, Mandy; Hsieh, Y. Patrick; Goerman, Patricia L. (2018-07-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trans-int.org/index.php/transint/article/view/797">"Translation and visual cues: Towards creating a road map for limited English speakers to access translated Internet surveys in the United States"</a>. <i>Translation & Interpreting</i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">142–</span>158. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1836-9324">1836-9324</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShneor2012" class="citation journal cs1">Shneor, Rodem (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=17047475">"Influences of culture, geography and infrastructure on website localization decisions"</a>. <i>Cross Cultural Management</i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">352–</span>374. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F13527601211247099">10.1108/13527601211247099</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F136320">11250/136320</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asianabsolute.co.uk/website-localization">"Website Localization"</a>. Asian Absolute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Pym-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pym_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPym2014" class="citation web cs1">Pym, Anthony (26 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199239306.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199239306-e-028">"Oxford Handbooks"</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199239306.013.0028">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199239306.013.0028</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Tan-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tan_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tan_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTan2001" class="citation news cs1">Tan, Shannon (6 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2001/08/06/translators-go-beyond-language-as-web-sites-cross-borders/">"Translators go beyond language as Web sites cross borders"</a>. <i><a href="The_Miami_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miami Herald">The Miami Herald</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120807234442/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-08-06/business/0108060190_1_localization-translation-web-sites">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gx-localizations.com/about.asp">"What is Localization?"</a>. GX Localizations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Stanley_1999_127–129-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_1999_127–129_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_1999_127–129_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStanleySpeights1999" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, John W.; Speights, W. Scott (1999). "Website localization". <i>SIGDOC '99 Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Conference on Computer Documentation</i>. New York, NY: ACM. pp. <span class="nowrap">127–</span>129. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F318372.318569">10.1145/318372.318569</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-58113-072-4</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41357928">41357928</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-PYM-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PYM_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PYM_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PYM_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPym2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pym, Anthony (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usuaris.tinet.cat/apym/on-line/translation/2009_website_localization.pdf">"Website localization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-LAKO-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAKO_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAKO_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAKO_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAKO_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAKO_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLako" class="citation web cs1">Lako, Cristian. "The Elements of the Website Localizations Process". <i>Studia Universitatis Petru Major. Philogia</i>. Universitatea Petru Maior. <a href="ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1321921734">1321921734</a>.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (help)</span></span>
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